Flower:

Pairs of flowers in racemes emerging from leaf axils in the upper plant. A leafy bract is at the base of a pair of blooms, the bracts becoming smaller as they ascend the stalk. Flowers are small, irregular trumpet shaped, ¼ to 1/3 inch long, covered with short hairs, the lower lip is flared slightly larger than the upper hood-like lip. The calyx holding the flower has a small ridge-like protuberance at the top.

Leaves and stems:

Leaves are up to 2½ inches long, to 1½ inches wide, thin, coarsely toothed, mostly hairless or with a few sparse hairs, on a stalk up to 2/3 inch long. Lower leaves are broadly lance-like, rounded at the base tapering to a point, typically wilting away (deciduous) by mid-season. Upper leaves become smaller and more lance shaped. Stems are square and erect, usually hairless or sometimes with fine hairs, branching in the upper plant.

Fruit:

The calyx swells into a capsule, containing 4 nutlets.

Notes:

Mad-dog Skullcap is frequently found growing in the same habitats as Marsh Skullcap (Scutellaria galericulata), which is easy to distinguish by its larger flowers borne in pairs from the leaf axils, with a more pronounced lower lip, white covered in blue spots.